T Martin

1. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was made to move oil from the North
2. Slope of Alaska to the northern most ice-free port in Valdez, Alaska.
3. Length: 800 miles.
4. Diameter: 48 inches.
5. Crosses three mountain ranges and more than 30 major rivers and streams.
6. Cost to build: $8 billion in 1977, largest privately funded construction project at that time.
7. Construction began March 27, 1975 and was completed May 31, 1977.
8. First oil moved through the pipeline on June 20, 1977.
9. More than 16 billion barrels have moved through TAPS.
10. First tanker to carry crude oil from Valdez: ARCO Juneau, August 1, 1977.
11. Tankers loaded at Valdez: 19,625 through April 30, 2008.
12. The mission of Alyeska’s Ship Escort Response Vessel System is to safely escort tankers through Prince William Sound.
13. There have been seven oil spills in the duration of the pipelines existence
14. The Oil Spill Response Exercise Program (OSREP) was developed to establish a workable exercise program in case of oil spill
15. A problem that was encountered during the building was the ground
16. Any rock or soil material that has remained below 32° F continuously for two or more years
17. Cold permafrost Remains below 30° F, and which may be as low as 10° F
18. Ice-rich 20% to 50% visible ice.
19. Thaw-stable- Permafrost in bedrock, in well drained, coarse-grained sediments such as glacial outwash gravel
20. Thaw-unstable -poorly drained, fine grained soils, especially silts and clays.
21. Warm permafrost -Remains just below 32° F. The addition of very little additional heat may induce thawing
22. Approximately 75% of the line passes through permafrost terrain.
23. There are programs that are set up to protect the wildlife
24. All activities that could negatively impact fish and wildlife
25. By state law, no one is allowed to impede a fish’s easy travel through a stream channel.
26. The trans-Alaska pipeline traverses approximately 800 water bodies
27. How can the streams be impacted by Alyeska’s operations?”
28. The banks of intersecting streams can slough into a stream channel.
29. Alyeska does not tolerate any preventable interactions with wildlife caused by its employees
30. Birds nests are moved when at least one parent is watching the relocation.
31. Pipeline animal crossings, constructed 579 approx.
32. Bird species, number identified along route more than 170
33. Trained Alyeska personnel have the legal authorization to move nests

Taylor, John B. "What to Do in Case of a Pipeline-Related Emergency." Welcome to the New Alyeska Pipeline Web Site! Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, June-July 2008. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. http://www.alyeska-pipe.com/Environment/ReportingPipeEmergency.html.

1. Three major oil companies and authorities in Alaska are discussing a $40 billion pipeline
2. Alaska’s North Slope has proven reserves equal to about one-eighth of total U.S. reserves, but without a pipeline the gas is worthless
3. BP, Exxon Mobil and ConocoPhillips hope to reach an agreement with Alaska
4. It is an enormous project that could strengthen Alaska’s energy-based economy for decades to come
5. according to some estimates, supplying 7 percent of the nation’s natural gas annually
6. the three biggest companies have been trying to buy the land where oil is located
7. there have been long criticized negotiations
8. tax breaks would have benefited the energy companies
9. that's one of the main reasons that Ms Palin was voted into office because she promised to get the pipeline up
10. new plan, however, would delay a formal agreement until next year at the earliest
11. under new government management there are plans to develop new sources of energy.
12. This project is so much bigger than Alaska and Alaska’s interests,” Ms. Palin said.
13. This is to supply domestically safe sources of fuel.
14. It makes sense economically,” Mr. Rinehart said. “It makes sense for the life of this oil field."
15. people debate that we are giving to much power to several companies.
16. presidents can't do much to lower gas prices
17. Sixty-five percent of Americans tell pollsters they disapprove of the presidents handling of gas prices.
18. The prices are expected to go even higher as the summer driving season arrive
19. President Obama may be not be reelected if people don't think the gas prices will change
20. people will not appreciate paying $5 per gallon or more to drive to work
21. the amount of people riding the trains may go up if the gas prices do
22. Presidents are always blamed for the current crisis,
23. other places are being probed for new oil to try and find a middle ground for the protesters
24. this is one of the most common issue that faces the people in the white house
25. people are looking at ways to replace gasoline
26. drilling alone will not satisfy our domestic needs
27. the president is making a policy called the "all above plan" which will find better ways to cut down on the high use of fuel.
28. there are huge reserves in the High Plains, in Alaska, off both coasts and in the Rocky Mountains.
29. if we were to go with this approach we can help drive down oil prices in the short term.
30. President Obama has pinned almost his entire re-election hopes on an economic rebuild

O'Connell, Ford C., and The Opinions Expressed in This Commentary Are Solely Those of Ford C. O'Connell. "Are Gas Prices Obama's Achilles' Heel?" CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/21/opinion/oconnell-gas-price/index.html?iref=allsearch.

1. Trans Alaska Pipeline System was designed and made to move oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the northern most ice-free port in Valdez, Alaska.
2. Length: 800 miles.
3. Diameter: 48 inches.
4. Crosses three mountain ranges and more than 30 major rivers and streams.
5. Cost to build: $8 billion in 1977, largest privately funded construction project at that time.
6. Construction began March 27, 1975 and was completed May 31, 1977.
7. First oil moved through the pipeline on June 20, 1977.
8. More than 16 billion barrels have moved through TAPS.
9. 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal
10. first tanker to carry crude oil from Valdez in August 1, 1977.
11. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. It is commonly called the Alaska pipeline
12. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.
13. The pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977 after the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States
14. the oil crisis started the the high demand to find oil
15. building the pipeline had to address a wide range of difficulties
16. stemming mainly from the extreme cold and the difficult, isolated terrain
17. The project attracted tens of thousands of workers to Alaska
18. problems with construction of the pipeline came from two sources: Alaska Native groups and conservationists
19. Alaska Natives were upset that the pipeline would cross the land traditionally claimed by a variety of native groups
20. Conservationists were angry at what they saw as an incursion into America's last wilderness
21. reasons against the project included...its effect on the Alaska tundra, possible pollution, harm to animals, and geographic features,
22. the biggest problem with building the pipeline was discussing the pipeline's impact on caribou herds
23. the pipeline would block traditional migration routes, making caribou populations smaller and making them easier to hunt.
24. land had been set aside for the natives and the herds migration patterns have been altered
25. the industry went under legal issues for not following all terms of the mining contract
26. the case was taken to the supreme court but they refuse to hear the case
27. the oil production cost have gone up from the 1975 and then started to decrease at 1978

West, Derrin B. "Alaska-Pipeline." Photo Galleries. 3 June 2010. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. <http://www.nebraskaweatherphotos.org/Alaska-Pipeline.html>

1. pipelines have many bad effects on the surrounding environment.
2. The piping runs through many natural biomes, ruins natural habitats for many animal species.
3. there is always the possibility of an oil leak or spill
4. Environmental effects of Alaska pipeline construction range from low to high
5. a big concern is the amount of power that the companies will have
6. July 30, 2010, the Alaska Pipeline Project completed and received multiple bids from potential shippers.
7. there is a huge amount of money put into the project and also a huge amount of risk
8. commitments of 20 years or more and for billions of dollars are needed to secure the financing the project
9. this job could cost as much as $32-$41 billion to build.
10. the project has engaged in confidential negotiations with potential shippers to resolve bid condition
11. the end goal of turning those bids into shipping commitments called precedent
12. Precedent agreements are an essential step in the pipeline development
13. the government is also making sure that rules are set will make sure that the oil is helping the people of the community
14. Local energy providers will have the opportunity to access natural gas from these local take-off points to meet community needs.
15. Do you want to see if oil is contaminating our environment
16. it will make jobs, business opportunities,
17. it will develop government revenues and long-term stable supplies of natural gas
18. The project is designed to connect Alaska's vast North Slope natural gas resources to new markets
19. ment to deliver a reliable and secure source of clean energy for decades to come
20. The project will provide numerous benefits to Alaska, and the broader U.S. and Canada
21. Trans Canada and Exxon Mobil began working together in 2009 to develop the Alaska Pipeline Project
22. the people of Alaska are more concerned that the environmental risk are more costly then the profit
23. there are alternative plans if the oil pipeline doesn't work
24. the choice on if the pipe line will work or not is going to be determined by 2016 but the deadline is 2019
25. The markets are focused on the potential of Alaskan LNG entering the global mix
26. Any of these outcomes equal revenue and jobs - Good things for Alaska.
27. Alaska's in-state gas needs and identifying potential locations for local distribution points off the main pipeline,called off-takes.
28. local off-takes will also be available along the pipeline route in Canada.
29. At least five of these local natural gas off-takes will be provided in Alaska under both the Alberta and Valdez
30. buying forgien oil cost america over $1.3 Billion every day

Mark, Ellen J. "The Alaska Pipeline: Good or Bad for the Environment?" Society Articles. 12 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2012. http://society.ezinemark.com/the-alaska-pipeline-good-or-bad-for-the-environment-7d34de83cae0.html.

1. this project is not only a multimillion dollar project but also a multi-state project
2. there are numerous agencies with the same goal but different ways of getting it
3. each company is trying to get more money then the others while making it all seem fair
4. The Project proposes to construct a new natural gas pipeline system extending over one of two alternative routes
5. U.S. portion of the project, is being handled by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
6. In Canada, the permitting process runs through the Northern Pipeline Agency
7. the process is making huge steps forward in the permit process
8. The Alaska Pipeline Project is actively working to file major permit applications with U.S. and Canadian regulatory agencies in 2012
9. The project is working closely with regulatory agencies in the U.S. and Canada.
10. The project collected extensive data during its 2010 and 2011 field programs
11. The project has also been conducting a number of technical and engineering studies to refine plans for project design and construction
12. The Alaska Pipeline Project has designed the new pipes to meet or exceed industry and government standards for pipeline safety to protect the public
13. The project expects to perform over a quarter million welds during construction
14. the strength and toughness of those welds will be critical to ensuring the pipeline's durability for years
15. they are running test to help predict real life accidents
16. During the welding tests, variables such as the speed of the weld, the temperature of the pipe and the voltage are evaluated.
17. All of the pipe sections from these tests will be X-rayed to assess the strength and toughness of the individual welds
18. The project is also conducting a series of full-scale testing of project pipe
19. the weather is also a huge factor because this pipe line is going to be stretching over thousand of miles and the temperture changes
20. In 2004, the U.S. Congress passed the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline Act
21. this act was made to advance the development of a pipeline to transport Alaska's natural gas to the North American market
22. the project is in a way trying to make a good impression on the people with as little conflict as possible
23. there have been over a hundred community meetings to answer any questions
24. there haven't really been enough protest against the pipeline so things are moving along quickly
25. the Alaska Pipeline Project is supporting many important organizations and events in Alaska and Canada
26. the reason that the project has taken so long to develop is because of the amount of planning that is needed.
27. the government might try to stone wall the process soon though
28. the government has been trying for years to push to a more environmental friendly economy.
29. the increase in gas prices are to blame as they try to push people to buy more fuel efficient cars
30. even though the oil is in one state the product will be distributed throughout the U.S.A

What's New." Alaska Pipeline Project. Jeffery B Smith, 10 Jan. 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2012. http://thealaskapipelineproject.com/hom